What is the best budget bushcraft or survival knife?

So what do you mean by “survival knife?” Are you talking about something that gets tossed in the glove box just in case the car breaks down in the middle of nowhere, or something that you take with you when you venture out of doors? Does “survival” mean being prepared to defend yourself from wild critters or blaze a trail or fashion a snare?
To me, a survival knife is a primary tool that helps you with the challenges of survival in the wild — building shelter, making other tools, prepping food, etc. This comes from someone who has spent years backpacking in the wild (or at least as wild as the out-of-doors gets in the US).

For decades, the US Military issued this knife as a “survival knife.” It had a saw back of dubious value, a hammer pommel, holes in the guard to theoretically enable it to be used as a spear, a sharpening stone, and a strong, stout blade, that’s a little on the small side.
While it’s a decent knife, it’s not, IMO, a particularly good survival knife. It’s not particularly useful for building shelter and it’s too small to be much use as a weapon.

Randall knives makes a much improved version, but at $440, “budget” it ain’t. OTOH, it’s worth every penny.
In my younger days (say, 30 years ago), I backpacked with a lightweight knife/sword I made from the blade of a power saw used for cutting massive steel I-beams. The blade was made of some chrome-moly steel alloy. It was about 16 inches long, less than 1/8″ thick and about 1.7″ wide, but it was pretty much unbreakable and was so tough and hard that it never needed sharpening (which was a good thing, because it was almost impossible to sharpen). I gave it away many years ago.

Today this is my survival knife. Knifemaker John Greco called it his “kukri,” although it actually borrows as much from the Greek Kopis blade and nihonto. The blade is made from A2 tool steel, and coated to resist rusting. It’s a meaty blade that can take a shaving-sharp edge but still be heavy enough to use for making a quick shelter. It’s not as pointy as many knives, but a rapid taper makes the point incredibly strong.
The blade is ground in two separate sections — the section toward the point has a stronger cross section for heavy use, while the rear section has a finer, sharper grind.
Greco’s knives were always great quality and very affordable, but unfortunately, he’s retired, and his knives are becoming collector’s items.
But there are some pretty good mass-market choices in the $120 and under range.

TOPS Knives’ Tom Brown Tracker is a compact design that is heavy enough to be useful for making shelter. They list for around $200, but can be found for much less. My son got one at a gun show for about $120, and there are other companies producing the knife for much less.

Ontario Knife makes their RTAK for about $100. The 10-inch blade is carbon steel, coated for rust resistance.

Columbia River Knife and Tool makes this Mah-Chete with a 12-inch, carbon steel blade. It lists for about $100 but can be had for about half that.

Condor Knife and Tool makes a 14-inch “golok” for less than $100. Tools like these are used as survival knives all over Southeast Asia, especially in Malaysia and Indonesia, where knives and edged weapons are endemic.

Amazon Basics 14-Piece Kitchen Knife Block Set, High-Carbon

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