What are Salaam seizures?
You can check the answer of the people under the question at Quora “jackknife seizure baby“
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Written by: Valerie
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What are Salaam seizures?
You can check the answer of the people under the question at Quora “jackknife seizure baby“
About Valerie
Salaam seizures or Jack knife seizures are epileptic attacks in which body movement resembles a salute. It is mostly seen in infants due to congenital defects (west syndrome, tuberous sclerosis). These children also have mental retardation and Downs syndrome may be associated. The condition requires appropriate management by neurologist, child counsellor and psychologist, and other specialist as a team. It’s not curable and requires special care of the child.
Salam seizure can sometimes occur in elderly as a result of brain damage.
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Salaam Attack or seizures or infantile spasm is a seizure with sudden stiffening of the body and brief bending forward or backward of the arms, legs and head.
Each seizure lasts only a second or two and usually in a series.
Seizures are most common just after waking up and rarely occur during sleep.
They typically begin between 3 and 8 months of age. Almost all infantile spasms start by 12 months of age and usually stop by 4 years old.
Steroids, ACTH and vigabatrin are the primary treatments.
Most children have developmental disabilities later in life.
Other types of seizures and epilepsy may be seen over time in many children.
Infantile spasms has been known by many names over the years, including salaam attacks, salaam convulsions, generalized flexion epilepsy syndrome, Blitz-Nick-Salaam-Krämpfe, eclampsia nutans, flexion spasm, infantile spastic epilepsy, jackknife convulsion syndrome, jackknife spasm, massive myoclonia syndrome, and nodding spasms
Infantile spasms are believed to reflect abnormal interactions between the cortex and brainstem structures. Focal lesions early in life may secondarily affect other sites in the brain, and hypsarrhythmia may represent this abnormal activity arising from multiple brain sites. The frequent onset of infantile spasms in infancy suggests that an immature central nervous system (CNS) may be important in the syndrome’s pathogenesis.
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Salaam seizures are one form of epileptic spasms occurring in infants. Here, the whole body of the infant bends in half. However, on some occasions, there may be only mild twitchings of the shoulder or eye changes. These occur in the early months of the baby. Salaam seizures are also known as Jackknife seizures.
These spasms are seen in rare disorders like the West Syndrome, wherein the baby suffers from epileptic spasms, generalized learning disability and shows abnormality in EEG. Sometimes, these may occur without any cause too.
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Infantile Spasms
(Salaam Seizures)
Infantile spasms are seizures characterized by sudden flexion of the arms, forward flexion of the trunk, extension of the legs, and hypsarrhythmia on electroencephalography.
Treatment is adrenocorticotropic hormone or sometimes vigabatrin.
Infantile spasms last a few seconds and can recur many times a day. They usually manifest in children < 1 year of age. Seizures may resolve spontaneously by about 5 years of age but are often replaced by other types of seizures.
Pathophysiology is unknown; however, infantile spasms may reflect abnormal interactions between the cortex and brain stem.
Causes
Usually, infantile spasms occur in infants with serious brain disorders and developmental abnormalities that often have already been recognized.
These disorders may include — Metabolic disorder, brain malformations, and injury in brain during the prenatal Period, Tuberous sclerosis complex is a common cause; prognosis is sometimes better when seizures are caused by this disorder than when seizures have other identifiable causes.
Sometimes the cause of infantile spasms cannot be identified.
Symptoms and Signs
Spasms begin with a sudden, rapid, tonic contraction of the trunk and limbs, sometimes for several seconds. Spasms range from subtle head nodding to contraction of the whole body. They involve flexion, extension, or, more often, both (mixed). The spasms usually occur in clusters, often several dozen, in close succession and occur typically after children wake up and occasionally during sleep. Sometimes at first, they are mistaken for startles.
Developmental delays (see Childhood Development ) are usually present. In the first stages of the disorder, developmental regression can occur (eg, children may stop smiling or lose the ability to sit up or roll over).
Rate of premature death ranges from 5 to 31% and is related to the etiology of the infantile spasms.
Diagnosis
Electroencephalography (EEG) with awake and asleep stages
Neuroimaging, preferably MRI
Testing to identify the cause unless an underlying significant neurologic disorder has already been identified
Previous history (eg, neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy) and/or symptoms and signs suggest the diagnosis of infantile spasms in some children. Physical and neurologic examinations are done, but often no pathognomonic findings are identified except in tuberous sclerosis complex .
Source —. Infantile Spasms – Pediatrics – MSD Manual Professional Edition
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Salaam or jackknife attacks: a flexor spasm with rapid bending of the head and torso forward and simultaneous raising and bending of the arms while partially drawing the hands together in front of the chest and/or flailing.
Epileptic spasms are an uncommon-to-rare epileptic disorder in infants, children, and adults. One of the other names of the disorder, West syndrome, is named after the English physician, William James West [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James_West ] (1793–1848), who first described it in an article published in The Lancet [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet ] in 1841. The original case actually described his own son, James Edwin West (1840–1860). Other names for it are “generalized flexion epilepsy”, “infantile epileptic encephalopathy”, “infantile myoclonic encephalopathy”, “jackknife convulsions”, “massive myoclonia” and “Salaam spasms”.
The syndrome is age-related, generally occurring between the third and the twelfth month, generally manifesting around the fifth month. There are various causes. The syndrome is often caused by an organic brain [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain ] dysfunction whose origins may be prenatal [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal ], perinatal [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinatal ] (caused during birth), or postnatal [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postnatal ].
Cause
It is still unknown which biochemical mechanisms lead to the occurrence of West syndrome. It is conjectured that it is a malfunction of neurotransmitter [ https://en.wiki…
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Salaam or jackknife seizures occur in epileptic attacks. They are characterised by flexor spasm with rapid bending of the head and torso forward and simultaneous raising and bending of the arms while partially drawing the hands together in front of the chest and/or flailing.
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Salaam or Jackknife attacks : A flexor spasm with rapid bending of the head and torso forward and simultaneous raising and bending of the arms while partially drawing the hands together in front of the chest and / or flailing . 👍
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Salaam or jackknife attacks: a flexor spasm with rapid bending of the head and torso forward and simultaneous raising and bending of the arms while partially drawing the hands together in front of the chest and/or flailing.🙏
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